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- Arnold Toynbee
-
-
- (March 17, 1947)
-
- A Study of History is dominated by an image of genius. The
- view is of the chasm of precipitous time. On its sheer rock
- walls, as the eye of the spectator adjusts itself to the somber
- light of human history, are seen the bodies of climbers. Some,
- prone and inert, lie on the ledges to which they have hurtled
- to death. Some dangle, arrested, over the void as they cling by
- their fingernails to cliffs too steep for their exhausted
- strength to scale. Above these, a few still strain upward in a
- convulsive effort to attain a height hidden form them as well
- as from the spectator.
-
- These agonists are the personifications of the human societies
- we call civilizations, in their upward impulse from the pit of
- primitive times. Downward, beyond the extreme range of vision,
- plunges a depth measured by 300,000 unenlightened years--the
- time required for the lowest climber to reach, from primitive
- to civilized man, the lowest visible ledge. The others have been
- climbing, at one stage or another, for the 6,000 years of
- discernible history.
-
- Of the myriads who may have attempted the ascent, Professor
- Arnold Toynbee distinguishes 26 civilizations. Of these there
- are only five active survivors: 1) Western civilization (Western
- Europe, the British Commonwealth, the U.S., Latin America); 2)
- Orthodox Christian civilization (Russia and the Orthodox
- sections of southeastern Europe); 3) Islamic civilization; 4)
- Hindu civilization; 5) Far Eastern civilization (China, Korea,
- Japan). Of these five, four show signs of imminent exhaustion,
- and the fifth, Western civilization, is breathing heavily.
-
- Those dangling, immobile, from the cliffs are the Eskimos,
- the Polynesians, the Nomads--the arrested civilizations. Among
- the debris on the ledges are the bodies of the Sumeric,
- Babylonic, Egyptiac, Hellenic, Mexic and eleven other extinct
- societies. This is the image; and its evocation of the
- "infinitely multiple ordeal of man" is made bearable by
- Professor Toynbee's unifying insistence: history is not
- predetermined. Man may still choose to climb or not to climb.
-
-